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For fresh 50s:

• Complete your level 45 and level 50 Job Quests to acquire AF (Artifact) armor. This is i55 for your chestpiece and i50 for the other armor pieces. 
  

• Run Wanderer's Palace (Normal) and Amdapor Keep (Normal) to acquire i55 armor and weapons.
  

• Run Pharos Sirius, Copperbell Mines (Hard), and Haukke Manor (Hard) to acquire i60 armor and accessories.
  

• Complete your Relic Quest to acquire your i80 relic weapon.
  

• Run Labyrinth of the Ancients (commonly referred to as "CT") to acquire i80 armor.
  

• Unlock and run all dungeons under Hard Roulette to start earning soldiery and poetics tomestones, while acquiring higher and higher Average Item Level through new gear.
  

• Easy upgrade using soldiery tomestones to take your Relic Weapon from i80 to i90.
  

• Begin purchasing Soldiery and Poetics gear from the appropriate vendor in Mor Dhona.
  

That should be enough to get anyone started. From there, you can bootstrap yourself into higher level content (Expert Roulette, ST, WoD). You should be ready to jump into Binding Coil of Bahamut at around i80.