I'll try to answer these to the best of my ability and in the order they appear.
1. There are 3 forms of "law enforcement" in Ul'dah proper. They each kinda handle different things, and likely all have goals of their own.
2. Ala Mhigo fell to the Garleans about 20 years ago. (15 before 1.0) Little Ala Mhigo was founded by refugees who had nowhere else to go. BIG BOLDY TEXT BECAUSE THIS COMES UP A LOT. You DO NOT have to be a Highlander Hyur to be Ala Mhigan! We have Hellsguard Roegadyn and Miqo'te Seeker of the Sun named NPCs in both 1.0 and 2.0 who are born/raised in Ala Mhigo. Sounsyy can probably link a fancy video or NPC dialogue as proof. I'm at work :<
3. Most cities have a few methods of travel.
1. There are 3 forms of "law enforcement" in Ul'dah proper. They each kinda handle different things, and likely all have goals of their own.
- The Sultansworn, who guard the palace and Sultana (and related needs)
- The Brass Blades, who are hired mercenaries by the Syndicate
- The Immortal Flames, who are basically the army
2. Ala Mhigo fell to the Garleans about 20 years ago. (15 before 1.0) Little Ala Mhigo was founded by refugees who had nowhere else to go. BIG BOLDY TEXT BECAUSE THIS COMES UP A LOT. You DO NOT have to be a Highlander Hyur to be Ala Mhigan! We have Hellsguard Roegadyn and Miqo'te Seeker of the Sun named NPCs in both 1.0 and 2.0 who are born/raised in Ala Mhigo. Sounsyy can probably link a fancy video or NPC dialogue as proof. I'm at work :<
3. Most cities have a few methods of travel.
- Airships
- Chocobo Porters
- Walking (take this with a grain of salt, because I'm sure the maps are supposed to be MUCH BIGGER than what we see in game.
- Aetherites: While these used to be "free", costing only anima for use, the Calamity destroyed the old Aetherial network and new aetherites had to be installed. Due to the costs, they now collect a fee for teleportation. As this basically ranges from 50 to 600 gil, it's up to you to decide if your character could afford such travel!