
The existance of languages isn't the problem. The problem is if any of them are used to speak in a day to day basis. Naming conventions are only that: naming conventions. If a family uses roman names does not mean that they indeed speak latin.
None of the examples you proposed, Primals, Paragons or beast tribes, are part of any city state. Except for the Padjal. And even with them we have no evidence that their language is used for anything more than naming. We can't really use them as evidence that there are multiple languages in use in the current times.
The evidence we have is that Paragons and beast tribes have their own unique languages. But that doesn't mean that Eorzean (human) cities do. In fact, I'd say that since the game states for a fact that the language barrier exists between beastmen and humans, but fails to state anything about human languages, this implies (but does not prove) that the city-states share a single common one. Anything else is just speculation.
None of the examples you proposed, Primals, Paragons or beast tribes, are part of any city state. Except for the Padjal. And even with them we have no evidence that their language is used for anything more than naming. We can't really use them as evidence that there are multiple languages in use in the current times.
The evidence we have is that Paragons and beast tribes have their own unique languages. But that doesn't mean that Eorzean (human) cities do. In fact, I'd say that since the game states for a fact that the language barrier exists between beastmen and humans, but fails to state anything about human languages, this implies (but does not prove) that the city-states share a single common one. Anything else is just speculation.