Painting in Eorzea
Painting does not appear to be a popular form of art in Eorzea. Although it seems to be commonly used for sign-making, very few NPCs decorate their homes or businesses with paintings. Player houses can adorn their walls with small landscapes of each city-state, but that is virtually the only example of purely decorative painting you'll encounter in the world.
Manufacturing of Paint and Supplies
By adapting real-world painting materials into the closest Eorzean equivalent we can find, we can create informal paint "recipes". These are based off of pre-industrial revolution methods.
Pigments: The Base of All Colours
The paint-making process is quite simplified by using pigments - the same pigments used in dye crafting. Pigments are obtained through level 30 Botany or Mining, gathered from rocks and plants in various areas. Pigments can be found in red, yellow, green, blue, purple, grey, and brown. (See more on where to find pigments.)
+ = Tempera Paint
Pigment + Dodo Egg = Tempera Paint
The cheapest tempera paint will be made using dodo eggs. Other eggs may be substituted, too. Tempera paint is most likely to be used by a poor or frugal character. Dodo Eggs can be purchased for just a single gil on the Market Board, or collected from dodos themselves (Swiftperch). The yolk of the egg is mixed with pigment to create a low-quality paint.
+ = Oil Paint
Pigment + Linseed Oil = Oil Paint
Linseed Oil was commonly used in real-world oil paints, so it's very convenient that it also exists in Eorzea. Other plant or animal oils could also be used. Linseed Oil can be crafted by Alchemists level 21 or higher, using Water Shards and Flax. (Flax can be gathered in the South Shroud by level 35 Botanists.) It can also be purchased cheap on the Market Board; that said, it is more costly than the practically-free Dodo Eggs. Oil is mixed with pigment to create a high-quality paint.
Next, how can we make surfaces to paint on? Wooden panels and canvas were popular surfaces in the real world. Wooden panels would mostly be used for signs and other outdoor purposes. Canvas is the superior choice for indoor paintings.
+ + + = Wooden Panel
Plank + Animal Glue + Chalk + Undyed Linen = Wooden Panel
A plank of wood is cut in whatever size the artist would like. It is coated with animal glue. If the painting must be sturdy, linen may be glued on at this stage. Finally, several coats of gesso (more Animal Glue + Chalk) are applied. Animal Glue can be crafted by level 1 Alchemists, or bought from a Tradecraft Merchant for 8 gil. A plank of any type can be used. Chalk is an item from 1.0 which has been removed from loot tables and recipes - the only way to get it is to buy/beg from 1.0 players.
+ + + + = Canvas
Linen Canvas + Lumber + Animal Glue + Chalk + Linseed Oil = Canvas
The lumber is cut into four small pieces to make a wooden frame. Linen is stretched tightly over the frame. A modified gesso is made from Animal Glue, Chalk, and Linseed Oil - the oil makes the gesso suitable for the flexible surface of the canvas.